Genital herpes (Herpes Simplex Virus [HSV])
What is genital herpes (HSV)?
Genital herpes are caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). There are two types of HSV (type one and type two). Both can cause genital herpes, although type two is a more common cause. Genital herpes may be recurrent and there is no cure. The first occurrence typically lasts about 12 days. Subsequent, usually milder, occurrences typically last about four days. The interval between clinical episodes is called the latent period. Viral shedding occurs intermittently during latency, and sexual transmission of HSV may occur at these times.
Signs and symptoms
- Single or multiple fluid-filled sores appear anywhere on the genitalia.
- Sores spontaneously rupture to form shallow ulcers that can be very painful. The ulcers resolve spontaneously with minimal scarring.
- Central nervous system involvement, development of sores at other sites, and fungal infections are possible (but rare) complications.
Incubation period
Usually two to 12 days
Contagious period and spread
Genital herpes is transmitted through sexual contact: oral, anal, and vaginal. Once a person is infected with HSV, they can shed it intermittently for years and possibly lifelong.
Public health reporting requirements
- Cases of genital herpes are NOT reportable to public health.
- The possibility of sexual abuse must be considered when infections occur in prepubescent children and must be reported to appropriate authorities.
Control of spread
- People with infection should be examined by a health care provider. People with infection should seek medical care if symptoms persist or recur. Parental consent is not required for minors to be examined and treated.
- Sexual activity should be avoided if a person has signs and symptoms.
- People with infection should abstain from sex or use condoms to prevent future infections.
- General education on STI prevention is advocated.
- Additional information is available at CDC’s Genital Herpes webpage.
Treatment
Antiviral medications can reduce shedding of the virus, diminish pain, and accelerate healing time. However, the virus may be shed intermittently for years and possibly lifelong.
Exclusion
No exclusions or environmental interventions are necessary, since STIs require close intimate physical contact for transmission, virtually always of a sexual nature.
Role of teachers, caregivers, and family
- General education about sexual health and STI prevention is recommended.
- Infections in prepubescent children and other high-risk individuals must be reported to appropriate authorities to address the possibility of sexual abuse.